In recent decades, climate change has significantly impacted the butterfly population in Scotland, with 10 new species recorded in the last 40 years.
According to the latest Scottish Biodiversity Indicator report from NatureScot, butterfly numbers have increased by 35% between 1979 and 2023, with warmer weather likely driving this change.
Butterflies that were once exclusive to England and Wales, such as the orange-tip and peacock butterflies, have become more prevalent in Scotland.
However, while some generalist species, like the red admiral, have seen dramatic increases, the trend is not universal.
Specialist species like the grayling and small tortoiseshell have experienced severe declines, with grayling populations dropping by 90%.
These changes can be attributed to shifts in habitat availability and changing weather conditions that challenge survival and reproduction.
The report highlights how extreme weather events, including droughts and heavy rainfall, can severely impact butterfly populations.
Conservation efforts are essential to protect Scotland’s native butterflies amidst climate change challenges.While warm, dry conditions favor butterfly activity, extreme conditions that disrupt the growth of plants, which caterpillars rely on for food, can have devastating effects.
For instance, earlier springs can cause butterflies to emerge prematurely, but if their food sources have already withered, the early start may not benefit them.
Despite these challenges, conservation efforts are underway to protect these species.
Projects focused on creating and preserving habitats for butterfly populations are ongoing in regions like Argyll and the Scottish Highlands.
Volunteers also play a key role in these efforts through the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (UKBMS), which helps track butterfly numbers and informs targeted conservation actions.
In conclusion, while Scotland sees positive growth in some butterfly populations, the overall picture remains mixed.
Continued conservation efforts are crucial to ensuring a sustainable future for these delicate insects and maintaining the ecological balance they support.