Astronomers Monitor Halloween Comet C/2024 S1 as Its Fate Hangs in the Balance Before Close Approach to the Sun

Astronomers are closely watching Comet C/2024 S1 (Atlas), dubbed the “Halloween comet,” as it approaches the sun. Expected to make its closest approach to Earth on October 23, 2024, there is a chance it could become as bright as Venus, potentially even visible during daylight. However, scientists express concern that the comet may break apart before it reaches this peak brightness, leading to what they describe as an “all or nothing” scenario for skywatchers.

Dr. Qicheng Zhang from Lowell Observatory is leading the monitoring efforts, noting that the comet has shown signs of fragmentation in recent weeks. While it has not fully disintegrated, uncertainty remains regarding whether the comet’s nucleus can endure the upcoming encounter with the sun. According to Zhang, the future visibility of C/2024 S1 hinges on whether its nucleus survives this critical moment.

For those in the Southern Hemisphere, there is excitement as the comet is expected to brighten significantly from October 24 to October 28, when it could become visible to the naked eye. The best viewing opportunities will occur just before sunrise as it approaches the sun. Following its perihelion on October 28, the comet could then be visible from the Northern Hemisphere after sunset, extending into December.

Categorized as a Kreutz sungrazer, Comet S1 will travel within approximately 1,500,000 kilometers (900,000 miles) of the sun, which complicates predictions of its behavior. Kreutz comets have the potential to create breathtaking displays, but they are also notoriously unpredictable. Current observations suggest that while Comet S1 might brighten significantly if it survives, there is a risk it may fall apart before reaching perihelion.

As the comet approaches this crucial phase, astronomers await more definitive information about its condition. They will be monitoring for any remnants that may survive the intense solar encounter, which will ultimately determine whether Comet C/2024 S1 becomes a spectacular sight in the sky or fades into obscurity. The next few days will be critical in assessing whether observers can look forward to a dazzling display or if they will be left disappointed.